Ja īpaši rūpīgi sekojat līdzi futbola spēlētāju pārcelšanai uz citu līgu, iespējams, esat dzirdējuši frāzi “aiziešana ar Bosmana spriedumu”, taču, iespējams, Jums nav lielas nojausmas par to, ko šis teiciens patiesībā nozīmē.
Tā nereti notiek arī, kad cilvēki spēlē azartspēles, nezinot dažādu terminu patieso nozīmi. Šī frāze ir saistīts ar Beļģijas profesionālo futbolistu Žanu Marku Bosmanu (Jean-Marc Bosman), kurš bija pussargs un 1995. gadā apstrīdēja futbola transfēru noteikumus, un galu galā pieņemtais lēmums mainīja futbolu.
Bosmana gadījumam bija tālejošas sekas futbolā, jo Eiropas Kopienu Tiesa nolēma, ka futbolisti pēc līguma termiņa beigām var brīvi pārcelties uz citu klubu. Pašam Bosmanam tas gan nesniedza grandiozus panākumus.
Pirms Bosmana sprieduma
1990.gadā Žans Marks Bosmans bija Beļģijas augstākās līgas kluba RFC Liege pussargs. Tajā laikā spēlētāji nevarēja atstāt savu klubu, beidzoties līgumam, ja vien klubs, kuram piederēja viņa līgums, nepiekrita atļaut spēlētājam aiziet vai, ja vien nebija panākta vienošanās ar klubu, kas viņu nopirka, par maksu. RFC Liege gadījumā maksa, ko viņi prasīja par Bosman, bija lielāka nekā jebkurš cits klubs bija gatavs maksāt.
Papildus tam, ka Bosmans nevarēja pārcelties uz citu klubu, viņa alga tika samazināta par 75 %, kas nozīmēja, ka viņš nesaņēma tik daudz naudas kā iepriekš un nevarēja pārcelties uz Francijas klubu Dunkerque. Bosmans nebija pirmais futbolists, kuru piemeklēja šāds liktenis, jo daudzi citi futbolisti saskārās ar ierobežotām iespējām, kad viņu līguma termiņš bija beidzies un klubs, kurā viņi bija reģistrēti, atteicās ļaut viņiem pārcelties citur.
Bosmana juridiskā cīņa
Kad RFC Liege atteicās prasīt Dunkerque saprātīgu samaksu un pārcēla Bosmanu uz rezervistiem, beļģis nolēma, ka vienīgais viņam pieejamais risinājums ir vērsties tiesā pret savu klubu. Viņš vērsās ne tikai pret RFC Liege, bet arī pret Beļģijas Futbola asociāciju un UEFA, kas visas bija pret to, lai spēlētāji, beidzoties līgumiem, paši varētu lemt savu likteni.
Viņa arguments bija tāds, ka klubs, Beļģijas Futbola federācija un UEFA ierobežoja viņa darba iespējas. Lieta nonāca Eiropas Kopienu Tiesā Luksemburgā, kas izskatīja dažādus jau spēkā esošos noteikumus un regulējumu. Abas futbola pārvaldes iestādes norādīja, ka klubi var piedāvāt spēlētājam jaunu līgumu pirms pašreizējā līguma termiņa beigām, bet spēlētājs var šo līgumu noraidīt.
Pārvietošanās brīvība
Darba ņēmējiem Eiropas Savienībā ir jābūt iespējai pārvietoties no vienas vietas uz citu bez ierobežojumiem, kā noteikts Eiropas Kopienas līguma 39. pantā, kas vēlāk kļuva par Līguma par Eiropas Savienības darbību 45. pantu.
Bosmans apgalvoja, ka Lježas RFC, atsakoties atļaut viņam pārcelties, ir pārkāptas viņa tiesības uz pārvietošanās brīvību, un šī lieta ilga aptuveni piecus gadus. Galu galā Eiropas Kopienu Tiesa viņam piekrita, secinot, ka profesionālais futbols ir saimnieciska darbība un tāpēc uz to attiecas ES tiesību akti tāpat kā uz jebkuru citu darba veidu.
Iznākums bija tāds, ka EST uzskatīja, ka Eiropas Savienībā bāzētām futbola asociācijām ir pienākums ievērot visus ES tiesību aktus, tostarp tos, kas attiecas uz pārvietošanās brīvības jēdzienu. Klubs, kas pieprasīja kompensāciju par spēlētāja, kurš bija spēlējis klubā līdz līguma termiņa beigām, pārkāpa šo principu, kas nozīmē, ka spēlētājiem ir jāļauj pašiem lemt par savu likteni, kad viņu līgums ir beidzies.
Bosmana sprieduma ietekme uz futbolu
Tūlīt pēc Bosman sprieduma pasludināšanas pirmais, ko saprata klubi saprata, bija tas, ka tiem vairs nav varas pār saviem spēlētājiem. Ja spēlētājs to vēlējās, viņš tagad varēja beigt savu līgumu un pārcelties uz citu klubu, kad līgums bija beidzies, negaidot, kamēr klubs, uz kuru spēlētājs vēlējās pārcelties, vienojas ar iepriekš reģistrēto klubu par spēlētāja transfēra maksu. Tā pat arī https://azartspeles.com/online-kazino/ vienmēr ir iespējams sākt spēlēt citu spēli, ja tagadējā nepatīk.
Tā rezultātā futbola klubi drīz vien sāka pieprasīt jaunajiem spēlētājiem parakstīt ilgākus līgumus nekā iepriekš, jo bija nobijušies, ka, beidzoties līgumam, zaudēs spēlētājus par velti. Ilgāku līgumu dēļ spēlētāji vēlējās saņemt lielāku atalgojumu, tādējādi algu rēķini pieauga eksponenciāli.
Kas notika ar pašu Bosmanu?
Viņa vārds uz visiem laikiem paliks saistīts ar futbolu un transfēriem, neskatoties uz to, ka viņš pats patiesībā laukumā nebija tik talantīgs. Ar viņam labvēlīgo spriedumu tika izbeigta transfēra maksa par spēlētājiem, kuriem beidzies līgums, kā arī ierobežots Eiropas spēlētāju skaits komandā, bet ko tas deva Žanam Markam Bosmanam?
Kad Eiropas Kopienu Tiesa pasludināja spriedumu, Bosmanam bija 31 gads. Viņa futbolista karjeras labākie gadi bija pagājuši, un viņa laulība bija izjukusi. Viņš bija spiests atgriezties pie vecākiem, un, kad viņš atkal mēģināja spēlēt futbolu, neviena komanda nevēlējās viņu parakstīt. Viņš nesaņēma nekādu kompensāciju no tiesas prāvas, zaudējot visu naudu, kas viņam bija, lai īstenotu neveiksmīgus biznesa projektus. Drīz vien apstākļi viņu noveda pie depresijas.
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– **Malala Yousafzai** – Nobel Prize-winning activist
The university continues to cultivate future leaders who
shape industries and drive global progress.
## Harvard’s Stunning Campus and Iconic Library
Harvard’s campus is a blend of **historical charm and modern innovation**.
With over **200 buildings**, it features:
– The **Harvard Yard**, home to the iconic **John Harvard
Statue** (and the famous “three lies” legend).
– The **Widener Library**, one of the largest university libraries in the world,
housing **over 20 million volumes**.
– State-of-the-art research centers, museums, and performing arts venues.
## Harvard Traditions and Student Life
Harvard offers a **rich student experience**, blending academics with vibrant traditions, including:
– **Housing system:** Students live in one of 12 residential houses,
fostering a strong sense of community.
– **Annual Primal Scream:** A unique tradition where students de-stress by running
through Harvard Yard before finals!
– **The Harvard-Yale Game:** A historic football rivalry that unites alumni and students.
With over **450 student organizations**, Harvard students engage in a diverse range of
extracurricular activities, from entrepreneurship to performing
arts.
## Harvard’s Global Influence
Beyond academics, Harvard drives change in **global policy, economics, and technology**.
The university’s research impacts healthcare, sustainability, and artificial intelligence,
with partnerships across industries worldwide.
**Harvard’s endowment**, the largest of any university, allows it to fund
scholarships, research, and public initiatives, ensuring a legacy of impact
for generations.
## Conclusion
Harvard University is more than just a school—it’s a **symbol
of excellence, innovation, and leadership**. Its **centuries-old traditions, groundbreaking discoveries,
and transformative education** make it one of the
most influential institutions in the world. Whether through its
distinguished alumni, pioneering research, or vibrant student
life, Harvard continues to shape the future
in profound ways.
Would you like to join the ranks of Harvard’s legendary scholars?
The journey starts with a dream—and an application!
https://www.harvard.edu/